Compositionally, the confrontations in the novel Eugene Onegin are built as follows:
1 chapter Onegin and Pushkin
Chapter 2 Tatiana and Olga
Chapter 3 Tatyana and Onegin
Chapter 4 -
Chapter 5 Onegin and Tatyana
Chapter 6 Onegin and Lensky, Onegin and Zaretsky
Chapter 7 Tatyana and Onegin
Chapter 8–
The confrontation between the first and second chapters in the story implies a confrontation between the city and the countryside. Each chapter is a separate original part of the work, which has a special meaning.
III chapter:
In the third chapter, Lensky arrives in the village where Onegin was, and a friendship is struck up. But at the same time, Tatyana fell in love with Eugene, but he, of course, is not ready for these feelings. The author regrets this. Tatyana confesses to the nanny that she is in love.
Tatyana loves not jokingly
And given, of course,
Love like a sweet child."
Tatyana writes a letter to Onegin in French, and the author translates it for us. In this letter, Tatyana confesses her love to Onegin. Tatyana writes in a letter, but Onegin does not understand this. The letter contrasts the nature of Onegin and Tatyana. Onegin liked Tatyana, but he was tired of it, he has a cold soul, he has no feelings, he is not ready for this.
Chapter IV:
In the fourth chapter, Onegin honestly admits to Tatyana that he is not worthy to be with her, that she will not be happy with him. In this chapter, love between Lensky and Olga begins to develop. This is the usual trivial love, courtship, as was customary at that time. Tatyana fades away, turns pale, goes out, but Olga blossoms. Pushkin talks about love, friendship, relationships between people. At this time, Eugene Onegin lived as an anchorite, a hermit. It is attached to natural life in the countryside. Then Lensky came to visit him. He persuaded Onegin to come to Tatyana's name day. This act of Onegin is at least frivolous.
Chapter V:
The fifth chapter describes Tatyana's dream. We learn that she has a Russian soul, she believes in legends, dreams, card divination. In this dream there is a hidden parody of the guests, it portends the future, the dream is the axis of symmetry of the novel. In this chapter, the states of Tatyana and Onegin sound vividly. They are repeated at birthday parties. Tatyana is stuffy, she has a terrible fever, she is ready to faint, she is ill. Onegin, on the other hand, cannot stand girlish tears and fainting, he is irritated, isolated, he pouted and decided to infuriate Lensky. And he did it. Lensky took too violently the constant presence of Onegin and Olga together.
Chapter VI:
In the sixth chapter there is a duel between Onegin and Lensky. The second hates the first because he dragged after his bride on the name day. Onegin does not like the fact that Lensky brought him to the name day. The chapter reveals who is to blame. A new character enters the stage - Zaretsky. He is a kind and reliable friend, the father of a family. By the time of the duel, Lensky begins to think again, he understands that the duel is empty. But then Zaretsky decides to organize a duel and, therefore, it is inevitable. Lensky has been all cocked since morning, but Onegin overslept. When he wakes up, he takes his lackey as a second, which violates the basic law of the duel. Seeing that Lensky raises a pistol, Onegin shoots. Lensky falls. Onegin runs up to Lensky and regrets, reproaches himself, understands that he killed an innocent person. Olga marries Ulan.
VII Chapter:
In the seventh chapter, Tatyana stumbles upon Onegin's house while walking. She finds Eugene again and begins to read books that he loved. She sees that some words are highlighted in the books, she understands Onegin, now she sees him as an eccentric, weak and dangerous. Further, Tatyana is taken to the bride fair in Moscow.
Chapter VIII:
In the eighth chapter, Onegin is already twenty-six years old. He accidentally gets into Tatyana's house and sees her as a Moscow lioness, she is married to a rich man, but nevertheless she remains the same whole girl. Onegin counts the hours again, he falls in love with her. Eugene writes a letter to Tatyana in which he confesses his love to her, says that he was wrong before, he was mistaken. Tatyana, having read the letter, decided to put an end to it, she makes it quite clear that she does not believe him. She closed her feelings with a big padlock. “She is given to another and will be faithful to him for a century.”
(1)
It is worth following how the relationship between Onegin and Lensky is revealed in the novel. First, Pushkin talks about how fragile the motives of their friendship are:
So people (I repent first)
Nothing to do friends.
Lensky's ideas about friendship are lofty and romantic. Onegin looked at friendship more soberly and coldly. But at the same time, Onegin is opposed to selfish egoists who consider "all zeros, and ones themselves."
Undoubtedly, Onegin distinguished Lensky not only from the Petushkovs and Buyanovs, but also from his high society friends. Onegin very soon comprehended the peculiarities of Lensky's nature and managed to intelligently, humanely approach the naive, but noble young man.
The aphorism that completes Onegin's thoughts reveals in him a smart, observant and humane person. But did Eugene always follow what is expressed in these reflections? Let us dwell on the dialogues between Lensky and Onegin. The conversation of friends beginning the chapter is remarkable for its lively ease. In each replica of Lensky and Onegin, their characters are visible. Lensky's speech is full of high-flown emotions:
I hate your fashionable light;
Dearer to me is the home circle ...
Onegin's speech is simple and full of lazy friendly irony:
Where? These are my poets!
Ah, listen, Lensky; yes you can't
Well? you're going: very sorry. To see me this Phyllida. ..
Even more characteristic is the conversation of friends returning from the Larins. Expressing his desire to be introduced by Larin, Onegin motivated him by the fact that he wanted to “see ... this Phyllida”, I.e. beloved Lensky. It is quite natural to expect that after meeting with her he will speak with Lensky about the object of his love, express his opinion about Olga. Of course, the poet in love had no doubt that this opinion would be favorable. And so the friends were left alone. But Onegin is silent and yawns. Penecius himself starts a conversation with him. In his words, one can feel a restless desire to know Onegin's opinion, although Vladimir does not dare to directly ask a question about Olga. He is embarrassed by the distraction and some gloom of a friend. Onegin does not answer his friend's hidden question and indifferently says that Vladimir is least interested. In the very order of the subjects that Onegin touches, there is a cold absent-mindedness, disregard for Olga, for Lensky's feelings, and then a curious detail: Onegin nevertheless starts talking about sisters, but the first name he mentions is Tatiana:
Say: which is Tatyana?
But how is it? Onegin went to see Olga, and did not even notice which of the sisters was Olga and which was Tatyana. This is weird. But what is the reason for this strangeness? Maybe it's all about Onegin's cold distraction. During the visit, he was introduced to the dear old lady Larina and her daughters, but he was not attentive enough to remember immediately who was called. But at the same time, he perfectly understood the comparative merits of the Larin sisters. Maybe he asks on purpose to annoy Pensky? Onegin only needs a cursory glance to appreciate a person. But his interest in people is blunted, absent-mindedness, coldness, boredom, and melancholy constantly take over. And in the state of this melancholy, he, hardly with intention, rather simply obeying a feeling of unconscious irritation, cruelly offends his enthusiastic friend.
"Are you in love with a smaller one?" Olga has no life in features.
Lensky's reaction is quite understandable:
Vladimir dryly answered
And then he was silent the whole way.
A further quarrel with Lensky is natural, it was prepared by such clashes and inevitably had to flare up, since Onegin had casually joked more than once about “timid, tender love” before the fatal ball at the Larins.
However, in Chapter V, Pushkin paints another picture of a friendly meeting between Lensky and Onegin. In this scene, their friendship is emphasized in every possible way: it is manifested both in the fact that Lensky opens his heart to Onegin ["talked again about Olga"), and in Vladimir's appeals to a friend: "dear", "my friend", "how sweet you are ".
The conversation between Lensky and Onegin takes place in a poetic atmosphere, and this emphasizes the charm of friendly conversations, the spiritual closeness of two people. The description of this last friendly meeting between Onegin and Lensky especially emphasizes the tragedy of impending events. In Chapter VI, the author shows that Onegin did not pass the test of friendship, and pronounces judgment on his hero. His revenge on Lensky at the Larins' ball is a manifestation of that indifferent, unkind attitude towards the young man's feelings, which had already manifested itself in a less harsh form before.
… but Eugene
Alone with your soul
He was dissatisfied with himself.
"And rightly so," Pushkin notes.
Undoubtedly, Onegin is positively characterized by the fact that he is capable of a secret judgment on himself. He is tormented by his conscience, he blames himself, analyzes in detail what exactly he was wrong about. And it seems that Onegin is about to rush to Lensky and extend his hand to him. But it was not there. Reproaching himself, Onegin already knows that he will shoot Lensky. Onegin did not have enough feelings of friendship, or pity for the young man, almost a child, or simply courage. What frightens him most of all is that an old duelist intervened “in this matter”.
And Pushkin, with bitter mockery and anger, is forced to admit the spiritual collapse of his “good friend”, who failed to rise above the secular mob:
And here is the public opinion!
Spring of honor, our idol!
And this is where the world revolves!
Thus, Onegin, for the sake of this public opinion, accepts a challenge from a friend, whom he himself insulted. Pushkin, speaking of his heroes, calls them differently: before the duel: friend, buddy ["Lensky called a friend to a duel", "I'm shooting with a friend"), But the denouement is approaching:
Enemies stand with downcast eyes.
Enemies! How long apart
Was their bloodlust taken away?
Further, the author calls Onegin and Lensky either enemies or friends, as if emphasizing the absurdity, the savagery of their enmity. The method of juxtaposition, contrast, often used by Pushkin in the novel, is brilliantly applied in the finale of the duel scene to reveal the tragedy of the "murderer of the young poet."
Let's compare the words expressively conveying Onegin's feelings: “squeezing the pistol”, “slain”, “departs with a shudder” with the remark “the neighbor decided”, indicating Zaretsky's complete calmness and indifference towards what happened. It was this terrible exclamation for Onegin that he forever remembered because the exclamation of the “old duelist” made Onegin realize at that terrible moment with particular clarity that he had committed an irreparable crime out of fear of such nonentities as Zarvtsky. And neither wandering around Russia, nor new impressions, nor love for Tatyana - nothing helped Onegin to forget the murdered poet.
"FRIENDSHIP AND HOSTILITY"
Official comment:
The direction aims at reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of enmity between them. The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relations or hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity or vice versa, with the image of a person who is able or not able to appreciate friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or sows enmity.
The proposed direction can be considered in different aspects: - friendship between people, the meaning and value of friendly relations in human life; - friendship and enmity between human communities and generations; - friendship or enmity between peoples and the consequences of hostile relations; - friendship between man and animal, etc. The very concept of "friendship" is one of the fundamental in the human worldview and in the system of human values. This confirms the abundance of proverbs and sayings dedicated to friendship, aphorisms and catchphrases. Starting reflection on the topic proposed in this direction, students can build their reasoning based on statements and definitions known to them. Here are just a few of them:
Proverbs : Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. An old friend is better than two new ones. There is no friend - look for, but found - take care. Friend is known in trouble. To know a friend is to eat a pound of salt together. The enemy agrees, and the friend argues. Make new friends, but don't lose old ones. Good brotherhood is dearer than wealth. In true friendship, it’s like this - disappear yourself, and help a friend out of trouble. Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor.
It's easier to lose a friend than to find one. What kind of friendship you make, such is your life. A man without friends is like a bird without wings.
Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:
Only a true friend can tolerate his friend's weaknesses. W. Shakespeare Everything will pass - and the grain of hope will not rise, Everything that you have accumulated will be lost for a penny. If you do not share in time with a friend - All your property will go to the enemy. Omar Khayyam
Fulfilling the duties of friendship is somewhat more difficult than admiring it. Lessing
Friendship must be a solid thing, capable of surviving all changes in temperature and all the shocks of that bumpy road along which efficient and decent people make their life journey. A.I. Herzen
People on earth should be friends... I don't think it's possible to make all people love each other, but I would like to destroy the hatred between people. Isaac Asimov
Friendship is like a treasury: it is impossible to draw more from it than you put into it. Osip Mandelstam
Helping students thinkvocabulary work .
So, in the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov gives the following interpretation of the words "friendship" and "enmity":
HOSTILITY - attitudes and actions imbued with hostility, hatred (irreconcilable enmity; harbor enmity).
FRIENDSHIP - close relations based on mutual trust, affection, common interests (Long-standing friendship; friendship of peoples). In the dictionary of antonyms, these words are presented as an antonymic pair. Dictionaries of synonyms are represented by the following synonymic series:Synonyms for FRIENDSHIP - friendship, friendliness, goodwill, harmony, peace, harmony, familiarity, a short acquaintance, twinning, (good) friendliness, amikoshonstvo, love, fraternization, unity,
communication; friendship is sincere, hypocritical, canine, close. Do something for friendship. To be in friendship, to make friendship, to break friendship, to reduce friendship.Synonyms for HATE - antagonism, malice, hostility, dislike, hatred, hostility, hostility, discord, unfriendliness, discord. Have a grudge against someone. Feed the enmity.
List of references in the direction "Friendship and enmity"
A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
I. A Goncharov "Oblomov"
G. N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear"
A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
A. P. Chekhov "Kashtanka"
W. Shakespeare "Romeo and Juliet"
Materials for literary arguments.
A. S. Pushkin novel "Eugene Onegin"
Alexander Sergeevich presents his attitude to the partnership to the reader through the characters of the novel"Eugene Onegin" . Two "friends", Onegin and Lensky, in their communication show us that a friend is a very ambiguous and contradictory concept. In the end, we even begin to doubt whether Evgeny and Vladimir are friends or enemies. In the dialogues of the characters, the presence of the author is felt, he is not a simple silent observer, he is a direct participant in the events, we catch his attitude to friendship in the conversations of the characters. The friendship of Onegin and Lensky happened, in the words of Pushkin himself, "there is nothing to do." Indeed, they were completely opposite in character, with different life experiences, with different aspirations.
They were united by the situation in the rural wilderness. Both of them were burdened by the imposed communication from their neighbors, both were smart enough (in relation to Lensky, it would be more correct to say that he was educated). Both heroes are young, so they find common topics for conversation. Friends reflect on Rousseau's "social contract", about science, about moral problems, that is, about everything that occupied the minds of progressive people of that time. But Pushkin emphasizes the complex relationship between the hero and the society that shaped him. An accidental quarrel (Onegin aroused jealousy in Lensky at the Larins' evening) is only an occasion for a duel. The reason for Lensky's death is much deeper: Lensky, with his naive, romantic view of the world, cannot withstand a collision with life. Onegin, in turn, is unable to resist the generally accepted morality, which says that it is shameful to refuse a duel. Can such a relationship be called true friendship?Regardless of beliefs, each person strives to communicate with his own kind. Only a mentally deranged person can fundamentally run away not from any particular social group, but from people in general. A holy hermit may retire, but he communicates with the whole world, praying for him. The solitude of Onegin was painful for him, and he was glad that at least one person was found with whom he was not disgusted to communicate. Moreover, such communication was necessary for Vladimir Lensky. Onegin was the ideal listener. He was mostly silent, without interrupting the poet, and if he objected, then justifiably, and was interested in the subject of the conversation. Lensky was in love, and like any lover, he needed a person to whom he could pour out his love, especially if poetry was written at the same time, they had to be read to someone. Thus, it is clear that in other conditions Onegin and Lensky would hardly have begun to communicate so closely, but human relationships are special because different situations bring people together and separate them sometimes in a completely paradoxical way. The difference between Lensky and Onegin was not as fundamental as their difference with the neighboring landowners, who considered Lensky half-Russian, and Onegin - a dangerous eccentric and freemason. Speaking extremely generally, Onegin and Lensky were opposites within the same system, and their neighbors generally went beyond the system. That is why Vladimir and Evgeny instinctively found each other and united. That their friendship was superficial and largely formal is proved by their duel. What kind of friend would shoot with a friend, and even in addition, without any explanation ?! In reality, very little connected them, and it was easy enough to break this little.
True friendship is always based on common hobbies and interests, mutual understanding, trust and sympathy. It is important that true friendship is the absence of any competition between people. But precisely such relations did not exist between Onegin and Lensky.
Of course, there would not have been a duel that ended with the death of Lensky, there would have been no tragedy and, as a result, the continuation of the novel. Indeed, according to some researchers (and I agree with them), it was the duel that became the turning point in the fate of Onegin, which made him take a different look at life and rethink a lot.
But the main reason, in my opinion, why the friendship of Onegin and Lensky led to such a tragic denouement is that the relationship between them is not real from the very beginning.
M. Yu. Lermontov novel "A Hero of Our Time"
The theme of friendship is also heard in the novel."Hero of our time" . Is friendship possible in Pechorin's life, and how does he understand it? main character?
“Friendship, friendship,” we read from V. Dahl in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” “the mutual affection of two or more people, their close connection; in a good sense, disinterested, steadfast affection, based on love and respect ... ”We see such affection in the ingenuous staff captain - the first to tell us about Pechorin. Despite the fact that Maxim Maksimych considers him a strange person and clearly does not approve of what Grigory is doing with Bela, he is attached to Pechorin and considers him his friend: “We were friends”, “there were bosom friends”. Maksim Maksimych's ideas are not justified. Yes, Pechorin does not hide his character from the staff captain and does not promise friendship: “I am a fool or a villain, I don’t know; ... my soul is corrupted by light, my imagination is restless, my heart is insatiable; everything is not enough for me: I get used to sadness just as easily as to pleasure, and my life becomes emptier day by day. During the meeting, it is so cold from Pechorin, Maxim Maksimych is so offended and upset, for the first time he violated the rules for the sake of the meeting: “Am I not the same? .. What should I do? to each his own way ... ".
Pechorin's meeting with Grushnitsky will take place in a completely different way: “We met old friends,” but from the very first lines of the description it is clear that completely different people are hidden under friendly relations. And indeed, Grushnitsky is a man whose main pleasure is to "produce an effect" and who "importantly drapes himself in extraordinary feelings" and plays disappointed. Pechorin, on the other hand, is disappointment itself, this is his illness, and he cannot but feel the artificiality of the Junker and for this reason not accept him: “I understood him, and he does not love me for this.”
Perhaps the theme of friendship is most clearly revealed in A Hero of Our Time in relations with Werner. Perhaps Pechorin could have become friends with the doctor, they are so similar in many ways. From the moment Werner and Pechorin “distinguished each other in the crowd,” their relationship reminds others so much of her. "Werner is a wonderful person", the main character knows the strengths and weaknesses of the doctor perfectly. What brought the two together? “We are rather indifferent to everything, except ourselves”, “we soon understood each other and became friends.” But are they capable of friendship? Grigory denies true friendships, friendship does not exist in Pechorin's life, because it requires self-forgetfulness, openness, trust - all that the protagonist of the novel does not have. He says that "of two friends, one is always the slave of the other," and, quite possibly, this is not a belief, but a desire to hide the inability to let anyone into one's heart.
L. N. Tolstoy novel "War and Peace"
(Andrey Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov)
The first scenes of the novel paint us a very unambiguous, at first glance, picture. So, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is certainly a welcome guest in secular society. He is handsome, smart, refined, his manners are impeccable, he is politely cold. An ideal combination for a society that, fortunately, does not have the slightest influence on it.
All in the same "picture", Pierre, who appeared, seems to be an unsuccessful caricature of a secular person. He is kind, sincere and disinterested - these, no doubt, excellent qualities already make him a black sheep, because where there is a place for self-interest, big money and hypocrisy, there is no place for spiritual openness. In addition, Pierre is absent-minded and not very attractive in appearance. Trying at first to join this society, to become a part of it, Bezukhov demonstrates not the best manners, which completely discourages sympathy for himself from the majority of the elite.
But behind these images of such different people lies much more than what "light" sees in them.
They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are above him in their thoughts and moral values, only Pierre needs time to understand this. Andrei is confident in his own, special purpose, and an empty, unchanging life is not for him. He also tries to convince Pierre, who is the only one he respects in that environment due to the contrast with the empty elite, to stay away from this life. But Pierre is nevertheless convinced of this on his own, from his own experience. He, so simple and unpretentious, is difficult to resist the temptation.
Despite his simplicity, Pierre is essentially very wise, and this quality is one of the things that make him a close friend of Bolkonsky. Their conversations, in which they share everything that they keep in themselves the rest of the time, have an important influence on the train of thought of both. And even though their positions in some cases are strikingly different, each recognizes the opinion of the other as having a right to exist.
Let each of them go through many ups and even more downs, and Andrei and Pierre, through their disappointments in life, do not harden, but continue to believe in goodness and seek justice. Burned by relations with Helen, Pierre, nevertheless, does not look for the guilty and, which strikes the depths of his soul, sincerely, with all his might and to the detriment of his own feelings, rejoices at the appearance of Andrey's feelings for Natasha. And then, when everything ends, he in no way tries his luck, but only provides disinterested support to Natasha and wholeheartedly wants Andrei to forgive her. It seems that he suffers no less than Andrei himself, and yet his life is meaningless and sulfur for him.
The friendship between Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not a drop of self-seeking in this friendship, and neither money nor influence was a guideline for any of them either in their relationships or in the life of each separately. This is what should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so coldly.
Fortunately, in Tolstoy's novel, these characters found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding worthy ground for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost even by a minority of people.
Pierre considered Bolkonsky "a model of all perfections precisely because Prince Andrei combined to the highest degree all those qualities that Pierre did not have and which can be most closely expressed by the concept of willpower." The friendship between Bolkonsky and Bezukhov passed the test. Pierre was in love with Natasha Rostova at first sight. And Bolkonsky too. When Andrei proposed to Rostova, Pierre did not betray his feelings. He was sincerely pleased with the happiness of his friend. How could L.N. Tolstoy to allow his favorite hero to be dishonest? Pierre showed nobility in relations with Andrei Bolkonsky. His awareness of the relationship between Rostova and Kuragin did not allow him to betray his friend. He did not laugh at Natasha, let alone Andrei. Although he could easily ruin their happiness. However, devotion to friendship, honesty in the heart did not allow Pierre to become a scoundrel.
I. S. Turgenev novel "Fathers and Sons"
In the novel"Fathers and Sons" published in 1862,I.S. Turgenev revealed the image of a new hero of Russian life. Bazarov is a nihilist, a revolutionary democrat. This is a strong personality, able to influence other people. Bazarov is self-confident, endowed with a natural mind, educated. In the novel, he is shown accompanied by a younger, naive and ingenuous friend - Arkady Kirsanov. An analysis of the relationship between the two characters allows us to understand their characters, the strength of their convictions and the strength of friendly affection.
At the very beginning of the novel, Bazarov is not so alone, he has an ally - his friend Arkady Kirsanov. In the first chapters of the novel, Arkady appears as a faithful follower of Bazarov, a student who listens to his teacher with delight and rapture and shares his views on life. Kirsanov Jr. is convinced of the special purpose of Bazarov. Arkady, of course, values his friendship with Bazarov very much, he is proud of him. This is evidenced by his enthusiastic intonations with which he tells his father, Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, about his comrade. Arkady warmly supports Yevgeny in his dispute with Pavel Petrovich. But this is only at the beginning. As the action develops, Arkady gradually cools towards the “raznochinsk views”, which he initially adheres to. Why is this happening? The answer to this question is simple, and the author himself gave it: Turgenev wrote that Arkady basically "sybarized" under the influence of a nature much stronger than himself - under the influence of Bazarov. But the difference between friends was not slow to reveal itself: Bazarov is constantly busy with business, while Arkady does nothing, only sometimes, to unwind, he helps his father. Bazarov is a man of action, which can be seen immediately by his red bare hand. In any situation, in any home, he tries to do his job. His path is the natural sciences, the study of nature and the verification of theoretical discoveries in practice. Bazarov here keeps up with the times, since the passion for science is a typical feature of the cultural life of Russia in the 1860s. Arkady is the absolute opposite. Young man nothing really exciting. All he aspires to is comfort and peace, which runs counter to Bazarov's attitude to life - not to sit back, work, move.
And the characters of those who for the time being call themselves friends are completely opposite: Arkady is soft and kind, Eugene is proud and proud.
It is no coincidence that they say that truth is born in disputes. Indeed, in a novel that is replete with scenes of ideological disputes, sooner or later the positions of the characters are revealed completely and completely. And then, when the attitude of the characters to various issues of the life of society, the life of the human soul, becomes clear, then the polarity of the characters' characters is revealed. Then the question arises about the authenticity of the friendship of young people. After all, friendship implies, first of all, mutual understanding, and in the case of Bazarov and Arkady, it turns out that they lack mutual understanding. In the course of the novel, it turns out that Bazarov ridicules what is so dear to Arcadia: an open manifestation of warm feelings for relatives and loved ones, admiration for the beauty of nature, the ability to be sad and rejoice to the sound of music, enjoy poetic lines ...
Arkady, having discovered for himself that his life convictions are not similar to those of Bazarov, gradually begins to learn to express his opinion, the opposite of the judgments of the nihilist. Once a dispute between friends came almost to the point of a fight. And in the scene when Bazarov, as if jokingly, spreads out “his long and stiff fingers” to close them around Arkady’s neck, and at the same time he grins “ominously”, there is a share of the true attitude of the nihilist to the “chick”. After all, it was precisely the “chick” that Bazarov considered Arkady to be, while always treating him patronizingly. Bazarov understands that Kirsanov Jr. cannot become his associate: “You are a tender soul, a weakling,” he says to Arkady. And he is right - time very quickly puts everything in its place, and Arkady turns out to belong to the old generation, the generation of "fathers". Pisarev very accurately assesses the reasons for the disagreement between Arkady and Bazarov: “Bazarov’s attitude towards his comrade casts a bright streak of light on his character; Bazarov has no friend, because he has not yet met a person who would not give in to him. Bazarov's personality closes in on itself, because outside of it and around it there are almost no elements related to it at all. Arkady would never be able to merge with the ideas of the new century, so his break with Bazarov is obvious.
Bazarov is the leader in this pair. He treats Arkady condescendingly, patronizingly. Kirsanov called his friend a mentor; he "revered his teacher", considered Bazarov "one of the most remarkable people." The still unformed nature of Arkady is entirely under the influence of Bazarov, who, although he is frank with him, always keeps him on the sidelines. Arkady does not notice this and does not understand. He tells Odintsova about his friend "in such detail and with such enthusiasm that Odintsova turned to him and looked carefully."In disputes with Bazarov, Arkady "usually remained defeated, although he spoke more than his comrade." However, this does not bother him in the least, since he sees in Bazarov a man who "has a great future ahead."
I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
In the novel"Oblomov" I.A. Goncharov created images of two people, each of whom is in many ways a typical representative of a certain circle of people, a spokesman for ideas that were close to the corresponding strata of contemporary society. Andrey Stolts and Ilya Oblomov, at first glance, seem to have nothing in common, except for memories of childhood games. And yet, no matter how these characters of Goncharov's novel are assessed, it is impossible to deny that they are connected by sincere, disinterested friendship. What's the matter here?
Indeed, Oblomov and Stolz are strikingly different from each other in their way of life. In Stolz's view, the essence of being lies in movement: "Labor is the image, content, element and purpose of life, at least mine." Oblomov, having not yet begun any business, is already dreaming of peace, which he already has plenty of: "... Then, in honorable inactivity, enjoy a well-deserved rest ...".
For a while, Oblomov and Stolz were brought up together - in a school that Andrei's father kept. But they came to this school, one might say, from different worlds: the undisturbed, once and for all established order of life in Oblomovka, similar to a long afternoon nap, and the active labor education of a German burgher, interspersed with the lessons of a mother who struggled to instill son love and interest in art.
It is also important to note how Oblomov and Stolz relate to life in general. According to Oblomov’s own feeling, his existence is more and more like a fruitless wandering in the forest thicket: no path, no ray of sun ... “Someone seemed to have stolen and buried in his own soul the treasures brought to him by the world and life.” Here is one of Oblomov's main miscalculations - he subconsciously seeks to lay responsibility, his failures, his inaction on someone else: on Zakhar, for example, or on fate. And Stolz "attributed the cause of all suffering to himself, and did not hang it like a caftan on someone else's nail," therefore "he enjoyed joy, like a flower plucked along the way, until he wilted in his hands, never drinking the cup to that drop of bitterness which lies at the end of all enjoyment. However, all of the above does not yet shed light on the foundations of strong friendship between people who are so different in their habits and aspirations. Apparently, their sincere, warm attitude to each other is rooted in the fact that both Stolz and Oblomov are inherently worthy people, endowed with many high spiritual qualities. They are necessary to each other, because they complement each other so successfully, they find in each other what is not in themselves.
The friendship between Oblomov and Stolz began during their school years. At the time of their acquaintance, the characters were similar in character and had common hobbies. Little Ilya is depicted as a curious child who was interested in many things. He wanted to learn about the world around him and learn as much as possible of the new, even as a young man he was still preparing for the fact that his life would “take on other, wider dimensions”, he was full of various aspirations and hopes, preparing for an important role in society. However, due to the "hothouse", "Oblomov" upbringing and the influence of relatives, the hero remains in place, continuing only to hope and plan, never moving on to action. All Oblomov's activity passes into the world of dreams and dreams, which he himself invents and lives by.
Little Andrei Stoltz was just as curious a child as Ilya, but he was not limited in his knowledge of the world and was even allowed to leave home for a few days. And if in Oblomov upbringing killed an active, active principle, then the formation of Stolz's personality was influenced by the death of his mother, who dearly loved her son. A strict, unemotional father could not give his son all the love and warmth that he lost after the loss of his mother. Apparently, it was this event, coupled with the need, by order of his father, to leave for another city and build a career on his own, made a strong impression on young Andrei Ivanovich. Mature Stoltz is a person who finds it very difficult to understand his feelings, moreover, he does not understand love, since he cannot grasp it with a rational mind. That is why many researchers compare Andrei Ivanovich with an insensitive mechanism, which is fundamentally wrong - in fact, Stolz, no less sincere and a kind person than Oblomov (remember how often and absolutely disinterestedly he helps a friend), but all his sensuality is hidden deep inside his soul, incomprehensible and inaccessible even to the hero himself.
The relationship between Stolz and Oblomov begins as a friendship of two very similar in nature and character personalities, but different upbringing makes them completely different and even opposing characters, who, nevertheless, continue to see in each other something important and close that brought them together in school years.
Stolz, at any opportunity, tries to “stir up”, activate Oblomov, force him to act “now or never”, while Ilya Ilyich gradually, unconsciously for both heroes, instills in a friend those same “Oblomov” values that Andrei Ivanovich was so afraid of and to which in eventually came - to a calm, measured, monotonous family life.
The theme of friendship in the novel "Oblomov" is revealed on the example of the relationship between two opposing characters. However, the differences between Oblomov and Stolz are only external in nature, since both of them are individuals who are in constant search of their own happiness, but have not been able to fully open up and realize their full potential. The images of the heroes are tragic, since neither the active Stolz, constantly striving forward, nor the passive, living in the illusions of Oblomov, find harmony between the two main principles - rational and sensual, which leads to the death of Ilya Ilyich and internal confusion and even greater confusion Stolz.
A. Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
A speaks about friendship.Saint Exupery right on the first page of your fairy tale"A little prince" – in dedication. In the author's system of values, the theme of friendship occupies one of the main places. Only friendship can melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, as it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance. On earth, the Little Prince learns the real truth that the Fox revealed to him: people can be not only indifferent and alienated, but also necessary to each other, and someone for someone can be the only one in the whole world, and a person’s life “is like the sun will illuminate ", if something will remind you of a friend, and this will also be happiness.
The Little Prince once had a tiny sprout, not like other flowers. Over time, a bud grew on it, which did not open for a long time. When all the petals opened, the baby saw with admiration a real beauty. She turned out to be a difficult character: the guest was a subtle and proud nature. The boy, who took to heart everything that the beauty said, felt unhappy and decided to run away, setting off on a journey.
Telling the story about the flower, the Kid already understood that "it was necessary to judge not by words, but by deeds", - after all, the beauty gave the planet a scent, but he did not know how to rejoice at this and "did not know how to love."
Before the journey, the boy carefully cleaned his planet. When he said goodbye to a beautiful guest, she suddenly asked for forgiveness, wished him happiness and admitted that she loved the Little Prince.
The seventh planet on which the Little Prince ended up was Earth, and it was huge.
At first, the baby did not see anyone on the planet, except for the snake. From her, he learned that not only in the desert, but also among people, it is also lonely. The snake promised to help him on the day when the boy would be sad about his home.
At that moment, Fox appeared. The little prince was going to make friends, but it turned out that the animal must first be tamed. Then “we will need each other ... My life will light up like a sun,” said the Fox.
The fox taught the baby that "you can only learn those things that you tame," and "to tame, you need to be patient." He revealed to the boy an important secret: “Only the heart is vigilant. You can’t see the main thing with your eyes, ”and asked to remember the law:“ you are forever responsible for everyone you tamed. The little prince understood: the beautiful rose is the most precious thing, he gave her all his time and energy, and he is responsible for the rose - after all, he tamed it.
Another important symbol, to which almost the entire work is addressed, is a rose.
The rose is a symbol of love, beauty, femininity. The little prince did not immediately see the true inner essence of beauty. But after talking with the Fox, the truth was revealed to him - beauty only becomes beautiful when it is filled with meaning, content.
The meaning of human life is to comprehend, to get as close as possible to the essence. The souls of the author and the little prince are not shackled by the ice of indifference and deadness. Therefore, a true vision of the world opens up to them: they learn the price of true friendship, love and beauty. This is the theme of “vigilance” of the heart, the ability to “see” with the heart, to understand without words.
The little prince does not immediately comprehend this wisdom. He leaves his own planet, not knowing that what he will look for on different planets will be so close - on his home planet.
People must take care of the cleanliness and beauty of their planet, jointly protect and decorate it, and prevent all living things from perishing. So, gradually, unobtrusively, another important topic arises in the fairy tale - ecological, which is very relevant for our time. It seems that the author of the fairy tale “foresaw” future ecological catastrophes and warned about careful attitude to the native and beloved planet. Saint-Exupery was acutely aware of how small and fragile our planet is. The journey of the Little Prince from star to star brings us closer to today's vision of space, where the Earth, through the negligence of people, can disappear almost imperceptibly. Therefore, the tale has not lost its relevance to this day; therefore its genre is philosophical, for it is addressed to all people, it raises eternal problems.
And one more secret is revealed by the Fox to the baby: “Only the heart is vigilant. You won’t see the most important thing with your eyes... Your Rose is so dear to you because you gave her all your soul... People have forgotten this truth, but don’t forget: you are forever responsible for everyone you tamed.” To tame means to bind oneself to another being with tenderness, love, a sense of responsibility. To tame means to destroy the facelessness and indifferent attitude towards all living things. To tame means to make the world significant and generous, for everything in it reminds of a beloved being. The narrator also comprehends this truth, and for him the stars come to life, and he hears the ringing of silver bells in the sky, reminiscent of the laughter of the Little Prince. The theme of “expansion of the soul” through love runs throughout the tale.
Together with the little hero, we rediscover for ourselves the most important thing in life, which was hidden, buried by all sorts of husks, but which is the only value for a person. The little prince learns what the bonds of friendship are.
Saint-Exupery also speaks of friendship on the first page of the story. In the author's system of values, the theme of friendship occupies one of the main places. Only friendship can melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, as it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance.
G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear"
The book tells about the dog Bim, who was a very loyal and loving friend to his owner while they were together. But one day Ivan Ivanovich (that was the name of the owner of Bim) became seriously ill - a fragment left over from the war crawled to his heart, and the owner was taken to Moscow for treatment. And Bim was left alone. How much effort the unfortunate dog spent looking for a friend, how many upheavals, betrayals and insults he had to endure! In the end, he got to the dog-catchers and was locked up in an iron wagon. The next day the owner arrived, but found him already dead in that van, which became a death prison for Beam.
The theme of the story is love for all living things, respect for our smaller brothers, admiration for animals. In the center of all events is the dog Beam of the Gordon Setter breed, the protagonist of the story. Throughout the book, the author admires the intelligence, loyalty and beauty of the dog. Indeed, a person has never had a better friend, and "White Bim Black Ear" proves this once again.
As the inscription at the beginning of the book says, it is dedicated to Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky.
The author reveals to the reader the inner world of a dog with all its experiences, joys, questions and misfortunes, and again and again emphasizes the superiority of these animals: “And on the fallen yellow grass stood a dog - one of the best creations of nature and a patient person.” Again, he points out that without these true friends, our life would be much more boring and aimless: “... a split personality in prolonged loneliness is to some extent inevitable. For centuries, a dog has saved a person from this.
The events of the story unfold in the Tambov region - in the city and in the countryside. The year of events is not indicated, but, for sure, post-war times are described.
The story combines a simple, everyday language - devils, rednecks, a fool, a bulldozer; as well as professional hunting words - shuttle, bandolier, hound, arp, setter.
In my opinion, the most striking and memorable moment in the book is the description of the hunt by Ivan Ivanovich and Bim. Probably, the author was also a hunter, otherwise who, if not a person with such a passion, can so accurately describe all the events of the hunt.
First of all, Troepolsky admires the pointing dog and its bird stance. Indeed, it is an amazing sight! Previously, a nondescript outwardly dog suddenly becomes so elegant, well-coordinated and incomparably beautiful, while maintaining excellent working qualities, which is very important for pointing dogs - so valuable on the hunt! The author writes about Bim's first stance as follows: “And Bim, without lowering his right front paw to the ground, froze in place, froze, as if petrified. It was a statue of a dog, as if created by a skilled sculptor! The first awakening of hunting passion ... against the background of the sunset, he is striking in his extraordinary beauty, which is not given to many to understand.
Again and again, throughout the story, Bim himself, the most important and memorable hero, surprises and falls in love with himself. Of course, it is difficult for a person who has never had a dog to understand and imagine the facial expressions and gestures of a dog, the dog's language, the expression of intelligent, almost human eyes, but the author easily and clearly describes the movements and actions of the dog, enlivening Bim to the reader and making him almost real. being.
"White Bim Black Ear" makes you think about many things. For example, about the role of a dog in our life. Why is it given to man? So that a person has a devoted friend, ready to serve faithfully until the end of his days, going through all troubles and misfortunes. Why are people sometimes so cruel to these beautiful animals? Probably, they simply do not understand that a dog is only an outwardly animal, but a human soul lives inside it, and that this creature is very, very necessary for a person, that without it our life will change a lot. We must take care of them, love and not betray, because a dog will never do this - we need to learn something from them.
This story made an indelible impression on me. She once again proved to me that better friend than a dog to us - people will never find. The author showed us this on the example of Bim, the smartest creature, emphasizing that behind the image of Bim all dogs are hidden, regardless of breed, age and level of upbringing, loving and devoted friends of mankind.
W. Shakespeare play "Romeo and Juliet"
The senseless long-term enmity of the Montecchi and Capulet families prevents the love of Romeo and Juliet. The lovers belong to different clans, they cannot be together. But love is stronger than all obstacles, and only it can put an end to the enmity of two influential families:
The children of the leaders love each other,
But fate sets up intrigues for them,
And their death at the coffin doors
Puts an end to irreconcilable strife.
Because of the endless enmity of these clans, not only lovers suffer, but also other people close to them. So, Tybalt, Juliet's cousin, kills Mercutio in a fight. And then Romeo does not hold back and kills Tybalt, avenging his friend.
Each character in the play is interesting in its own way, but I probably liked Juliet the most. She is only 14 years old, but her feelings for Romeo are not childish at all. For the sake of her lover, she takes decisive steps, contradicts her parents, which at that time was a terrible crime. When a girl realizes that a wedding with Paris is inevitable, she is ready to commit suicide. After all, before that, she had already secretly married Romeo and could not betray her vow of eternal love. Not surprisingly, she is ready to drink the potion and "freeze" for forty-two hours, pretending to be dead.
The thing that struck me the most about the play was the ending. Due to a simple coincidence of events, Romeo did not know that his beloved was alive, and committed suicide from grief at her grave. Juliet, too, could not live without her husband.
I was struck by how fragile human happiness is, how strong the passion of two completely young people can be. An absurd accident ruined the lives of Romeo and Juliet. But their endless love for each other put an end to the long-standing enmity between the Montagues and the Capulets. The heads of these families realized that because of their stupid disagreements, their children died, and it's time to stop.
I believe that love should never be hindered, this is the biggest sin. The heroes loved each other too much, but the world around them is not yet ready for love, kindness, harmony. So they leave.
From Romeo and Juliet you can learn kindness, love, dedication, selflessness, purity. This work has left an indelible mark on my soul. I think I will reread Shakespeare's play over and over again.
On the children's grave, two warring clans forget their grievances. The long-awaited peace is coming to Verona, albeit won at such a terrible price. We can say that the love of young heroes brings prosperity to many people, their homeland.
Therefore, it seems to me that Shakespeare's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" is characterized by vital truthfulness and a high intensity of passions.
Evgeny Onegin and Vladimir Lensky - friends or enemies? Young people who were considered friends, in the end, were able to point weapons at each other. Friendship that ended in death, did it exist from the beginning? Questions that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin makes the reader think about. And only after living with the heroes of their lives, you can understand the causes of the tragedy.
The author describes the first meeting of the main characters of the work "Eugene Onegin" by Lensky and Onegin as a clash of opposites. They were completely different worlds. The coldness of one and the emotionality of the other, restraint as opposed to openness, the ardor of Lensky's feelings and disappointment with Onegin's life. A game of contrast, opposition, a meeting of two completely different people.
How could there be friendship between them? The reason for this was the boredom that haunted Onegin during his stay in the village. Onegin was looking for an interlocutor to distract himself from the despondency that haunted him. Lensky, distinguished by his education and erudition, became an excellent opponent in political and everyday disputes for Onegin. They argued for hours, discussing all sorts of topics. It was intellectual communication that became the reason for the emergence of friendly relations between two young people. They were equal in education, but different in spiritual qualities.
Lensky's idea of friendship is interesting. In his understanding, friends are able to suffer for him, and even "take the fetters." He idealizes friendships, considering them something super high. Onegin does not think of friendship that way at all. It is unlikely that this word has any meaning for him.
Arguing over the category to which the relationship between Onegin and Lensky can be attributed - strong friendship or ordinary friendship, one involuntarily returns in thoughts to the tragic denouement of this story. A person who was a friend in reality would refuse to duel, whatever the reasons for it. But that did not happen. The appearance of friendship that existed before the duel hid Onegin's complete indifference to the experiences and inner world of another person. Friendship out of boredom - something that really existed.
The reason for the duel between Onegin and Lensky was jealousy. Onegin's flirtation with Olga at the ball led to Lensky's death. Could this not be? Even when the duel was scheduled, Onegin could refuse it, regardless of the opinion of society, which he never really valued. However, although many believe that the true cause of the tragedy was Onegin's spiritual coldness, his indifference to people, and his inability to become a true friend. But here one should ask the question: what about Lensky. Despite all his loftiness, he, it was he who challenged each other to a duel and, even making sure that he was still loved, did not take a single step towards reconciliation. His last poems: is there even a shadow of the thought in them that he is about to raise a weapon against a friend? No, they are full of selfishness and that's it. Where was she, his friendship? Who is to blame? Onegin or Lensky? Or maybe both? Let everyone decide for himself.
Composition
Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" strikes not only with the artistic perfection of form, the beauty and ease of language, but also with the variety of problems that worried Russian society in the 20s of the 19th century. Depicting all groups of the nobility, the poet makes an unmistakable diagnosis of the two most common diseases of the century - disappointment and idealistic departure from reality. They are embodied in the images of Onegin and Lensky - the best people of the era. These heroes are not satisfied with either the cold brilliance of an empty secular life, or the squalor and primitiveness of village everyday life. Both of them strive for something higher, trying to find the meaning of life.
What brings these characters together? Probably, what distinguishes them from the usual landlord environment: intelligence, education, breadth of interests, nobility. It was these traits inherent in the heroes that aroused their mutual interest and laid the foundation for their friendship.
They agreed. Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire
Not so different from each other.
The dissimilarity of the characters of Lensky and Onegin only increased mutual sympathy, gave depth to their communication. The conversations of friends are not at all like the usual "eternal conversation about rain, about flax, about the barnyard" among rural landowners. Their inquisitive and inquisitive mind seeks to know the meaning of life, touching all spheres of human existence.
Between them everything gave rise to disputes
And it got me thinking:
Tribes of past treaties,
The fruits of the sciences, good and evil, And age-old prejudices, And fatal coffins of mystery, Fate and life in their turn Everything was subjected to their judgment. Pushkin emphasizes here that the disputes of his heroes touch upon philosophical, economic, political, and moral problems that worried the progressive people of that time. A cursory list of the topics of disputes between Onegin and Lensky contains an indication of specific authors who raise these issues in their writings.
Among the Russian intelligentsia, the treatise of the French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau "The Social Contract" was very popular, which dealt with one of the most pressing problems of the state system the relationship between power and the people, who had the right to overthrow the government that violated the agreement between the union of power and the community of free citizens. Serfdom in Russia created not only political, but also economic difficulties, from which progressive-minded nobles tried to find a way out, introducing improved farming techniques on their estates, using machine technology. Onegin, the owner of factories and waters, and the wealthy landowner Lensky could not help thinking about this question, which Pushkin calls "the fruits of the sciences."
"Good and evil", that is, ethical problems, also found themselves in the center of attention of young Russian intellectuals. Theoretical moral principles are refracted in the characters of friends, determining not only their views, but also their actions.
The history of the relationship between Onegin and Lensky shows a huge difference between them, sets off the opposite not only of characters, but also of their relationship to reality, to the people who surround them. Even Lensky's penchant for poetry, the desire to express his moods and dreams in poetry speaks of the romantic mood of his thoughts and feelings. In the pretty empty Olga, he sees the ideal. Belinsky noted that Lensky "decorated her with virtues and perfections, attributed to her feelings and thoughts that were not in her." And friendship with Onegin means a lot to Vladimir. Such a conclusion allows us to draw Pushkin's words about what Lensky's idea of friendship, honor, nobility was:
He believed that friends are ready For his honor to accept the chains And that their hand will not falter To break the vessel of the slanderer. So, his relationship with people was determined by faith in eternal friendship, into the only love that is predetermined for him by fate, into a noble freedom-loving idea that "someday will illuminate us and give the world bliss." Here, Lensky's connection with the Decembrist moods clearly emerges, giving reason to assume that he could get closer to the progressive noble intelligentsia, which was preparing the uprising on December 14, 1825, and become the poetic voice of his people. Precisely because faith in love, friendship and freedom was for Lensky the essence and purpose of life, he took Onegin's unsuccessful joke as a betrayal of his beloved girl and a betrayal. best friend. And he rushes into a duel to defend the purity of his romantic ideas from Onegin's skepticism.
The death of Lensky is symbolic, it involuntarily leads to the idea that an idealist, romantic, dreamer, who does not know reality, must perish in a collision with her.
And the skeptic, realist Onegin remains to live. He cannot be reproached for idealism and ignorance of reality. No, he knows life and people very well, accurately determining their inner essence at the first meeting. But what gives Onegin this knowledge? Nothing but boredom, spleen, disappointment, the consciousness of one's superiority over people. And this is a dangerous path leading to disunity with the world, to selfish loneliness. Therefore, it seems that Onegin cannot become either happy or useful to society. This is his tragedy, which the brilliant artist saw with his sensitive eyes.
This means that the images of Onegin and Lensky are a reflection of two different paths taken by the best noble intelligentsia of the first quarter of the 19th century. And they could end either in death or life's dead end.
